{"id":75,"date":"2026-09-16T02:04:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T01:04:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/?page_id=75"},"modified":"2026-09-29T20:45:56","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T19:45:56","slug":"chapter-two","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/?page_id=75","title":{"rendered":"PLANT HEALTH"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong> General Plant Health and Mineral Deficiencies<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><u>Pesticides and Garden Health<\/u><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pesticides can be useful tools. There. That\u2019s <em>the<\/em> statement of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> Century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, we are in the 21<sup>st<\/sup> Century and we now understand that unnecessary pesticide use can affect:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>target pests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>beneficial insects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>predators<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>soil organisms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>wider ecosystems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The preferred approach is usually: prevention \u2192 monitoring \u2192 identification \u2192 targeted intervention (rather than spray everything.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Integrated Pest Management<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Integrated Pest Management, or <strong>IPM<\/strong>, considers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>prevention<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>monitoring<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>biological control<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cultural control<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>physical control<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chemical control where justified<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chemical control becomes one tool within a wider strategy rather than the automatic first response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"684\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image_2026-09-16_022705029-684x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-90\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.6677148846960168;width:637px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image_2026-09-16_022705029-684x1024.png 684w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image_2026-09-16_022705029-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image_2026-09-16_022705029-768x1150.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image_2026-09-16_022705029.png 998w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Garden Health and Mowing<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mowing is a good example of how management affects biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A very short lawn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>reduces flowering opportunities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>can reduce habitat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>may increase stress during drought<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A less intensively managed lawn can provide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>flowers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>insects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>seed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shelter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, formal lawns have legitimate uses. Therefore the answer is not, \u201cNever mow!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The answer is, <strong><em>\u201cMow according to purpose.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Introduction to Observation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A healthy plant is more than a plant with green leaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good plant health means that a plant is able to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>grow normally<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>produce healthy leaves and stems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>develop a strong root system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flower or fruit appropriately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>resist or tolerate environmental stresses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>recover from minor damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>complete its natural life cycle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A horticulturist needs to be able to recognise when something is wrong <strong>before deciding what treatment to use<\/strong>. Observe and record everything. The most important rule is: <strong><em>Diagnose before you treat.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>A yellow leaf does not automatically mean that a plant needs fertiliser.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem could be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nutrient deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient toxicity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drought<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>waterlogging<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor drainage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unsuitable pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>temperature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>frost<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>excessive shade<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>physical damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>natural ageing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Signs of Plant Ill Health<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before feeding, inspect the whole plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Look for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Leaves<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>yellowing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>browning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>curling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>distortion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>premature leaf fall<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Stems<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>weak growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dieback<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lesions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cracking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unusual swelling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Roots<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>poor rooting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rotting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>discolouration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lack of fine roots<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Flowers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>poor flowering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flower drop<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>distorted flowers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Overall growth<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>stunting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>wilting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weak shoots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor vigour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_39-AM-1-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_39-AM-1-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_39-AM-1-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_39-AM-1-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_39-AM-1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nutrient Deficiency or Something Else?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most important skills in horticulture. A yellow leaf does not automatically mean, <strong>\u201cThe plant needs fertiliser.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yellowing can be caused by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nitrogen deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>iron deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>waterlogging<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drought<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unsuitable pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>natural ageing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The gardener must consider the whole situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Symptoms of Possible Nitrogen Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible signs include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>general pale green colour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>yellowing of older leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>smaller leaves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nitrogen deficiency often affects older foliage first because nitrogen can be redistributed within the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Symptoms of Possible Iron Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iron deficiency can produce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>interveinal chlorosis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The newer leaves may become yellow while the veins remain relatively green.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can occur where iron is unavailable because of soil conditions such as high pH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adding iron without correcting the underlying condition may not provide a lasting solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nutrient Toxicity<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More fertiliser can be harmful.&nbsp; Excessive fertiliser may cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>root damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leaf scorch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>salt accumulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient imbalance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why following application rates is essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Soil pH and Nutrient Availability<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soil pH affects how available nutrients are to plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A nutrient may be present in the soil but unavailable to the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is called <strong>nutrient availability<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, high soil pH can reduce the availability of some micronutrients, including iron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore: <strong>Nutrient present \u2260 nutrient available.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_34-AM-1-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-110\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.6666666666666666;width:628px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_34-AM-1-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_34-AM-1-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_34-AM-1-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_34-AM-1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Feeding and Watering<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fertiliser should not be applied blindly to dry, stressed plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where appropriate, ensure the growing medium has adequate moisture before applying fertiliser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, avoid waterlogging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective is: <strong>adequate moisture + appropriate nutrients + healthy roots<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Fertiliser and the Environment<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Excess nutrients can leave the growing area through:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>surface runoff<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leaching<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drainage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nutrients entering watercourses can contribute to <strong>eutrophication<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can cause excessive algal and plant growth, followed by oxygen depletion as organic material decomposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Responsible horticulture therefore means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Apply only what is required, where it is required, when it is required.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-07_03_37-AM-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-07_03_37-AM-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-07_03_37-AM-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-07_03_37-AM-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-07_03_37-AM.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><u>Fertiliser Application Safety<\/u><\/strong> (Do not mix products unless the manufacturer specifically permits it.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>read the label<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>follow application rates<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>use appropriate PPE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>store fertiliser safely<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>avoid contamination of water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>wash hands after use<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>keep products in their original containers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>follow COSHH requirements where applicable<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>PPE<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Task<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Potential hazard<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Typical PPE \/ control<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Handling granular fertiliser<\/td><td>Dust\/contact<\/td><td>Gloves; avoid creating dust<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mixing liquid feed<\/td><td>Splash\/contact<\/td><td>Gloves and eye protection where required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Applying fertiliser<\/td><td>Skin\/eye contact<\/td><td>Gloves and suitable clothing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Using concentrated products<\/td><td>Chemical exposure<\/td><td>Follow label and COSHH assessment where applicable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cleaning equipment<\/td><td>Residues<\/td><td>Gloves; appropriate hygiene<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Storing fertiliser<\/td><td>Spills\/contamination<\/td><td>Secure, dry and labelled storage<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PPE should be selected following the risk assessment and product instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Practical Feeding Assessment<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Choose a plant that appears unhealthy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Observe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What can you see?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Leaves<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Stems<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Soil<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Roots, if visible<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Growing conditions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Full sun<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Partial shade<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Shade<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Dry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Moist<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Waterlogged<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Possible cause<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Is feeding appropriate?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>YES \/ NO \/ NOT YET<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><a><\/a><strong>Liquid Feed Practical<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Plant:<\/strong> ______________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fertiliser:<\/strong> ___________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>NPK:<\/strong> ________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Recommended dilution:<\/strong> ________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amount of water:<\/strong> _____________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amount of fertiliser:<\/strong> __________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Application date:<\/strong> _____________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>What happened after feeding?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Was the plant healthier?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Solid Feed Practical<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Plant\/area:<\/strong> ___________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fertiliser:<\/strong> ___________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Application rate:<\/strong> _____________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Area treated:<\/strong> _________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amount applied:<\/strong> _______________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Application date:<\/strong> _____________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Why was this fertiliser selected?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Student Questions<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>1. Why do plants require nutrients?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>2. What does NPK stand for?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>3. Give two functions of nitrogen.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>4. Why might a container plant require more regular feeding than an established plant growing in the ground?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>5. What is the difference between liquid and solid fertiliser?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>6. Why should fertiliser not automatically be applied to a yellow plant?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>7. Give three possible causes of yellow leaves that are not nutrient deficiency.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>8. Why should plants not normally be fed while severely drought stressed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>9. Why can excessive fertiliser damage plants?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>10. Why is soil pH important when considering plant nutrition?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>11. Why is it important not to apply more fertiliser than recommended?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>12. When are plants generally most likely to benefit from feeding?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong><u>The Professional Feeding Decision<\/u><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before feeding, ask:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Is the plant actually deficient in nutrients?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Could something else be causing the symptoms?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Is the plant actively growing?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Is the soil adequately moist but not waterlogged?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Is the soil pH suitable?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Is feeding appropriate for this species?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Which fertiliser is appropriate?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Liquid or solid?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. What is the correct application rate?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. How will I monitor the result?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong><em><u>Remember<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fertiliser is <strong>plant food only in a very simplified sense<\/strong>. Plants manufacture their own food through photosynthesis. Fertilisers provide mineral nutrients required for healthy growth. The professional gardener therefore does not think:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cThe plant looks ill \u2013 give it fertiliser.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, think:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cThe plant looks ill \u2013 why?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only after identifying the likely cause should feeding be considered. Good plant nutrition is about <strong>balance<\/strong>. Too little can cause deficiency. Too much can cause toxicity and the wrong fertiliser, applied at the wrong time, can do more harm than good. The best horticulturist is therefore not the person who feeds the most. It is the person who knows, <strong>when to feed, what to feed, how much to feed, how to apply it, and when not to feed at all.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Key references<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), guidance on feeding plants, fertilisers, plant nutrition and soil management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), guidance on understanding soil pH and nutrient availability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Health and Safety Executive (HSE), guidance on Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fertiliser Regulations 1991, as amended.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agriculture Act 1970, relevant provisions concerning fertilisers and agricultural products.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taiz, L. et al., <em>Plant Physiology and Development<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Quick Mineral Deficiency Guide<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Nutrient<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Possible symptoms<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Where symptoms often appear<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nitrogen<\/strong><\/td><td>General yellowing, weak growth<\/td><td>Older leaves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Phosphorus<\/strong><\/td><td>Poor growth, dark\/green-purple foliage in some plants<\/td><td>Older growth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Potassium<\/strong><\/td><td>Marginal yellowing\/scorching<\/td><td>Older leaves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Magnesium<\/strong><\/td><td>Interveinal chlorosis<\/td><td>Older leaves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Sulphur<\/strong><\/td><td>General chlorosis, poor growth<\/td><td>Younger growth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Calcium<\/strong><\/td><td>Distorted young growth, tip damage<\/td><td>Young leaves\/growing points<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Iron<\/strong><\/td><td>Interveinal chlorosis<\/td><td>Young leaves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Manganese<\/strong><\/td><td>Interveinal chlorosis, spotting<\/td><td>Often younger leaves<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Zinc<\/strong><\/td><td>Small leaves, shortened internodes<\/td><td>Young growth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Copper<\/strong><\/td><td>Tip dieback, distortion<\/td><td>Young growth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Boron<\/strong><\/td><td>Distorted growing points, poor roots<\/td><td>Young growth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Molybdenum<\/strong><\/td><td>Chlorosis, poor growth<\/td><td>Variable<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This table is a diagnostic aid, not a substitute for testing.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mobile vs Immobile Nutrients<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A useful Level 2 concept is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Mobile nutrients<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The plant can move them from older tissues to younger tissues. Examples include, nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; magnesium<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency often becomes visible first in <strong>older leaves<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Relatively immobile nutrients<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are <em>not<\/em> readily moved around the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples include, calcium; boron; iron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency symptoms often become visible first in <strong>younger growth<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><u>This is one of the most useful patterns to remember.<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nutrient Deficiency vs pH<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A plant may have enough of a nutrient in the soil but still show deficiency symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because the nutrient may be <strong>unavailable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soil pH influences nutrient availability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>high pH can reduce the availability of iron and some other micronutrients<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>very low pH can affect the availability or toxicity of several elements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why soil testing can be useful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nutrient Deficiency vs Waterlogging<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Waterlogged soil can cause root problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roots require oxygen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When soil pores remain filled with water:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>oxygen availability falls<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Root function can decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The plant may then show:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>yellow leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>wilting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root death<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can look like nutrient deficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adding fertiliser to a waterlogged plant is unlikely to solve the underlying problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nutrient Deficiency vs Drought<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drought-stressed plants may show:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>wilting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>curling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>browning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>premature leaf fall<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not automatically feed a drought-stressed plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First consider:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Does the plant have access to sufficient water?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nutrient Deficiency vs Pests<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pests may cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>yellowing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leaf distortion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>holes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stippling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leaf curling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sticky honeydew<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>premature leaf drop<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Look carefully at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>leaf undersides<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>buds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use a hand lens where appropriate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nutrient Deficiency vs Disease<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diseases can cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>leaf spots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lesions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dieback<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>wilting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cankers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>distortion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>premature leaf fall<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Look for patterns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A nutrient deficiency may affect a large part of the plant relatively uniformly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A disease may produce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>discrete spots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lesions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>patches<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>progressive areas of damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is not an absolute rule, but it can be a useful clue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_08-AM-576x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-108\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.5615711252653928;width:529px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_08-AM-576x1024.png 576w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_08-AM-169x300.png 169w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_08-AM-768x1365.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_08-AM-864x1536.png 864w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_53_08-AM.png 941w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Signs of General Plant Stress<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Watch for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Yellowing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Browning<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Wilting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Leaf curling<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Leaf drop<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Stunted growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Poor flowering<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Poor fruiting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Shoot dieback<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Distorted leaves<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Weak stems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Root rot<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Excessive pest activity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Unusual spots or lesions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The earlier a problem is identified, the greater the opportunity for effective intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>The Five-Question Diagnosis<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a plant looks unhealthy, ask:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>1. What has changed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Has the plant recently been:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>planted?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pruned?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>moved?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>watered differently?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fertilised?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>2. Where is the damage?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>old leaves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>young leaves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>roots?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stems?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flowers?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>3. What is the pattern?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is it:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>uniform?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>patchy?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spotted?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>along leaf margins?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>between veins?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>4. What are the growing conditions?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>soil moisture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drainage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>light<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>temperature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>compaction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>5. Are there pests or diseases?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inspect carefully before assuming a nutritional problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>When to Test the Soil<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soil testing may be appropriate where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>symptoms persist<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>several plants show similar problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient deficiency is suspected<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pH may be unsuitable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fertiliser programmes are being planned<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testing can provide evidence rather than relying entirely on visual diagnosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Why Overfeeding Can Be Dangerous<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Applying nutrients without evidence can result in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>toxicity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>salt accumulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient imbalance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>excessive soft growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>environmental pollution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some nutrients can interfere with the uptake of others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Too much of one nutrient can contribute to an imbalance involving another.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do not treat a plant deficiency you have not identified.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>General Plant Health Management<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good plant health begins with prevention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Provide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Correct plant<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Choose a plant suited to the site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Correct soil<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consider:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>texture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>structure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drainage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fertility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Correct water<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid both drought and waterlogging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Correct light<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Match the plant to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>sun<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>partial shade<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shade<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Correct nutrition<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Feed only when appropriate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Correct pruning<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use suitable pruning techniques and timing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Good hygiene<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clean tools and remove diseased material appropriately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Monitoring<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regularly inspect plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Seasonal Plant Health<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Season<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>What to look for<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Spring<\/strong><\/td><td>New growth, pests, frost damage, nutrient symptoms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Summer<\/strong><\/td><td>Drought, heat stress, pests, diseases, water demand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Autumn<\/strong><\/td><td>Natural leaf senescence, disease, nutrient redistribution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Winter<\/strong><\/td><td>Frost damage, waterlogging, wind damage, dormant pests<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Remember:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Not every colour change is a disease or deficiency.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autumn leaf colour and leaf fall are normal biological processes for deciduous plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Practical Plant Health Inspection<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Choose one plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Plant name:<\/strong> ______________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Date:<\/strong> ___________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Location:<\/strong> ________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Season:<\/strong> __________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Leaf condition<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Healthy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Yellow<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Brown<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Spotted<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Distorted<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Curling<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Wilting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Stem condition<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Healthy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Dieback<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Lesions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Distortion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Weak growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Soil<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Dry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Moist<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Waterlogged<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Compacted<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Pests observed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Yes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 No<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Disease symptoms observed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Yes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 No<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Possible nutrient deficiency?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Yes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 No<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2610 Unsure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Diagnosis<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What is the main symptom?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Where does it occur?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Is it mainly on old or young growth?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What other possible causes have you considered?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What evidence supports your diagnosis?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What action would you recommend?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Student Mineral Deficiency Challenge<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Match the symptom to the most likely nutrient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>A<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Older leaves become yellow throughout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Possible nutrient:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>B<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Older leaves develop yellow tissue between green veins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Possible nutrient:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>C<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Young leaves become yellow between green veins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Possible nutrient:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>D<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leaf margins become yellow and then brown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Possible nutrient:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>E<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Young growing points become distorted or die back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Possible nutrient:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Important Reminder<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The answers above are <strong>possible diagnoses<\/strong>, not guaranteed diagnoses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Interveinal chlorosis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">could involve:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>magnesium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>iron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manganese<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">depending on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>plant species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leaf age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>soil pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>other factors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A professional horticulturist uses symptoms as <strong>evidence<\/strong>, not as an automatic answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Practical Observation Exercise<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take two plants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Plant A:<\/strong> apparently healthy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Plant B:<\/strong> showing signs of ill health<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compare them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Plant A<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Plant B<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leaf colour<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leaf size<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leaf shape<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shoot growth<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flowering<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Soil moisture<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pest evidence<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disease evidence<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Overall condition<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>What is different?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>What might explain the difference?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Student Questions<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>1. What does chlorosis mean?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>2. What does necrosis mean?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>3. Why can yellow leaves have many different causes?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>4. What is the difference between a mobile and relatively immobile nutrient?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>5. Name four nutrients that are relatively mobile within plants.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>6. Name three nutrients whose deficiency may first affect younger growth.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>7. What is interveinal chlorosis?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>8. Why is soil pH important for plant nutrition?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>9. Why should a gardener inspect for pests before applying fertiliser?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>10. Why can overfeeding be harmful?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>The Professional Plant Health Checklist<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before treating an unhealthy plant:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>LOOK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What symptoms can you see?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>LOCATE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where are the symptoms?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>COMPARE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is new or old growth affected?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CHECK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Look at soil, roots, pests and diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CONSIDER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Water, light, temperature, pH and nutrition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TEST<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use soil or other appropriate tests where necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DIAGNOSE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identify the most likely cause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TREAT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use the least harmful effective intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>MONITOR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check whether the plant responds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Remember<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Healthy plants are not necessarily perfect plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small amount of insect damage, an occasional blemish or natural seasonal change does not automatically mean that a plant requires treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good horticulture is about <strong>observation and balance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a plant looks unhealthy, resist the temptation to immediately:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>feed it, spray it, prune it or water it.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First ask:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What is the plant telling me?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The leaves may be giving you clues about nutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The roots may be telling you about waterlogging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The soil may be telling you about pH or compaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pattern of damage may indicate a pest or disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And the season may explain something that looks alarming but is actually completely normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The skilled horticulturist learns to <strong>read the plant before treating the plant<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Key references<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), guidance on plant health, plant nutrition, pests, diseases and disorders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), guidance on soil, pH and nutrient availability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Health and Safety Executive (HSE), guidance on safe use of horticultural products.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taiz, L. et al., <em>Plant Physiology and Development<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marschner, P., <em>Marschner&#8217;s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A., <em>Principles of Plant Nutrition<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Does a Healthy Plant Look Like?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A healthy plant will normally show characteristics appropriate to its species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Look for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Leaves<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>appropriate colour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>good size<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>normal shape<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>firm texture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>no unexplained spots or lesions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Stems<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>appropriate strength<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>normal colour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>healthy growing points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>no unexplained dieback<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Roots<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Healthy roots are generally:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>well distributed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>firm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>actively growing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>appropriate in colour for the species<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rotting roots may be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dark<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>soft<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unpleasant smelling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Flowers and fruit<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Healthy plants should produce flowers and fruit appropriate to their:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>season<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>The Plant Health Check<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A simple plant-health inspection can follow this sequence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>LOOK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TOUCH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SMELL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CHECK THE SOIL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CHECK THE ROOTS IF APPROPRIATE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>LOOK FOR PESTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>LOOK FOR DISEASE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CONSIDER NUTRIENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CONSIDER THE ENVIRONMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2193<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>DIAGNOSE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_41-AM-1024x615.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_41-AM-1024x615.png 1024w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_41-AM-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_41-AM-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_41-AM-1536x922.png 1536w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_41-AM.png 1619w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Start with the Whole Plant<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not immediately focus on the damaged leaf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ask:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Where is the damage occurring?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is it:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>old leaves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>young leaves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing points?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stems?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>roots?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flowers?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fruit?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the whole plant?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The position of symptoms can provide valuable clues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Older Leaves or Younger Leaves?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most useful clues when considering mineral deficiencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some nutrients are <strong>mobile<\/strong> within the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If they are in short supply, the plant can move them from older leaves to younger growing tissue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other nutrients are relatively <strong>immobile<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency symptoms therefore often appear first in young growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This gives us a useful diagnostic principle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Older leaves affected first<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consider deficiencies of mobile nutrients such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nitrogen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>phosphorus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>potassium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>magnesium<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Younger leaves affected first<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consider deficiencies of relatively immobile nutrients such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>calcium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>iron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>boron<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a useful guide rather than an absolute rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_44-AM-1024x615.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-102\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.6651270207852193;width:721px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_44-AM-1024x615.png 1024w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_44-AM-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_44-AM-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_44-AM-1536x922.png 1536w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_44-AM.png 1619w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>What is Chlorosis?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Chlorosis<\/strong> means a loss of green colour from plant tissue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leaves may become:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pale green<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>yellow<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>yellow-white<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chlorosis can have many causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It may be associated with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nitrogen deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>iron deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>magnesium deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manganese deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>waterlogging<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unsuitable pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yellow leaves do not automatically mean nitrogen deficiency.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_38-AM-1024x617.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-104\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.6651270207852193;width:721px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_38-AM-1024x617.png 1024w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_38-AM-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_38-AM-768x462.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_38-AM-1536x925.png 1536w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_38-AM.png 1616w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>What is Necrosis?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Necrosis<\/strong> means the death of plant tissue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It can appear as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>brown patches<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dead leaf margins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>blackened tissue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>scorched areas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dead shoots<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Necrosis may be caused by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nutrient deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient toxicity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drought<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>frost<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chemical damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Again, context is essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Macronutrients<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants require relatively large quantities of certain mineral nutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nitrogen (N)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Phosphorus (P)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Potassium (K)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They also require:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Calcium (Ca)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Magnesium (Mg)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Sulphur (S)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_53-AM-1024x615.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-101\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.6651270207852193;width:721px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_53-AM-1024x615.png 1024w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_53-AM-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_53-AM-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_53-AM-1536x922.png 1536w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_51_53-AM.png 1619w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nitrogen Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nitrogen is important for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>leaf growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chlorophyll<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>proteins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vegetative growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Possible symptoms<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pale green leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>general yellowing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>small leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weak shoots<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The symptoms may begin with <strong>older leaves<\/strong> because nitrogen is mobile within the plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Memory tip<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nitrogen = New growth<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N = New leaves and shoots<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But remember that nitrogen deficiency is only one possible cause of pale foliage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Excess Nitrogen<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Too much nitrogen can also cause problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible effects include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>excessive soft growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>large, lush foliage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced flowering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weak stems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>increased susceptibility to some pests and diseases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor winter hardiness in some plants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lesson is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More is not always better.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Phosphorus Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Phosphorus is involved in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>energy transfer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reproductive development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible symptoms can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>poor growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor root development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>darker green or purplish foliage in some plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>delayed maturity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, phosphorus deficiency is often difficult to diagnose visually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Environmental factors and species differences can alter symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Important<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not automatically add phosphorus simply because a plant is growing poorly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Potassium Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Potassium has an important role in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>water regulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>enzyme activity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metabolism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plant strength<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>yellowing around leaf margins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>brown or scorched margins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weak growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor quality or reduced yield in crops<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms may develop first on <strong>older leaves<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Memory tip<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Potassium = edges<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K deficiency<\/strong> <strong>\u2192<\/strong> <strong>leaf edges may show damage.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Magnesium Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Magnesium is an important component of chlorophyll.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A common symptom is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>interveinal chlorosis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>the tissue between the veins becomes yellow while the veins remain greener.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It often appears first on older leaves because magnesium is mobile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Memory tip<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Magnesium = Middle of the leaf<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Look between the veins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Sulphur Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sulphur is required for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>amino acids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>proteins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>enzymes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency can result in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pale or yellow foliage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike nitrogen deficiency, sulphur deficiency may appear more strongly in <strong>younger growth<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This distinction can help with diagnosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Calcium Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calcium is important for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cell walls<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cell membranes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing points<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because calcium is relatively immobile, symptoms can appear in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>young leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shoot tips<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root tips<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>distorted young leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>damaged growing points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor root growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tip dieback<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Important<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calcium problems can be related to <strong>water movement<\/strong>, not simply the total amount of calcium in the soil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Micronutrients<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants also require nutrients in much smaller quantities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>iron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manganese<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>zinc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>copper<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>boron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>molybdenum<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chlorine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nickel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Small requirement does not mean small importance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Iron Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iron is important for chlorophyll formation and other plant processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A classic symptom is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>interveinal chlorosis of young leaves<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The veins may remain green while the tissue between them becomes yellow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is particularly common where soil or growing-medium conditions make iron less available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, high pH can reduce iron availability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Memory tip<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Iron = young leaves go pale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Manganese Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manganese is involved in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>photosynthesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>enzyme activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>interveinal chlorosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>small necrotic spots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms can resemble other deficiencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not diagnose manganese deficiency simply from leaf colour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Zinc Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zinc is involved in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>enzyme activity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growth regulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>small leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shortened internodes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>distorted growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chlorosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants may develop a compact or \u201crosetted\u201d appearance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Copper Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Copper is involved in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>enzymes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>photosynthesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reproductive development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible symptoms can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dieback of shoot tips<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>distorted young leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor flowering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weak growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Copper deficiency is relatively uncommon in many garden situations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Boron Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Boron is important for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cell wall development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reproductive development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>distorted young growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>damaged growing points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor root development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor fruit or seed development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Boron is required in very small amounts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This makes it particularly important <strong>not to apply it unnecessarily<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Too much boron can be toxic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Molybdenum Deficiency<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Molybdenum is required in very small amounts but is important in plant nitrogen metabolism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency can cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>poor growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chlorosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leaf distortion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Symptoms vary between species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Feeding Plants \u2013 Liquid and Solid Fertilisers<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants, like all living organisms, require a range of nutrients to grow successfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, feeding a plant does <strong>not<\/strong> simply mean adding fertiliser whenever it looks unhealthy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A plant may be struggling because of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>lack of water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>waterlogging<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor drainage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unsuitable pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>diseases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor light<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>temperature stress<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>compacted soil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient deficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adding fertiliser to an unhealthy plant without identifying the cause can sometimes make the situation worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The professional approach is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Observe<\/strong> <strong>\u2192<\/strong> <strong>Diagnose<\/strong> <strong>\u2192<\/strong> <strong>Decide<\/strong> <strong>\u2192<\/strong> <strong>Feed if necessary<\/strong> <strong>\u2192<\/strong> <strong>Monitor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Why Do We Feed Plants?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants obtain most of their carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They obtain water and mineral nutrients primarily through their roots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nutrients are required for processes including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>photosynthesis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cell division<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flowering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fruit production<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>enzyme activity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>healthy leaves and stems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants require nutrients in different quantities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The major nutrients include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Macronutrients<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nitrogen (N)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphorus (P)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potassium (K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants also require other macronutrients, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>calcium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>magnesium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sulphur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Micronutrients<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Required in smaller quantities, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>iron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manganese<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>boron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>copper<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>zinc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>molybdenum<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chlorine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nickel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Small quantity does not mean unimportant.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A deficiency of a micronutrient can still seriously affect plant growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>What Does NPK Mean?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fertiliser labels commonly display three numbers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7\u20137\u20137<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These represent the relative percentages of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>N \u2013 Nitrogen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P \u2013 Phosphate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>K \u2013 Potash<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are not simply a score showing how \u201cstrong\u201d the fertiliser is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The numbers describe the nutrient content of the product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always read the manufacturer&#8217;s label.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Nitrogen (N)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nitrogen is particularly important for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>leaf growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shoot growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chlorophyll production<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>overall vegetative development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A shortage can result in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pale leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>yellowing, particularly of older leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weak growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced vigour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, excessive nitrogen can also cause problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Too much nitrogen may produce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>soft, lush growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>excessive vegetative growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced flowering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>increased susceptibility to some pests and diseases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor overwintering in some plants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More nitrogen is therefore <strong>not automatically better<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Phosphorus (P)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Phosphorus is involved in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>energy transfer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root development<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reproductive growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Severe phosphorus deficiency can affect growth and development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, phosphorus deficiency is often over-diagnosed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many garden soils, sufficient phosphorus is already present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adding more phosphorus without a demonstrated need is not necessarily beneficial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Potassium (K)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Potassium is important in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>water regulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>enzyme activity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plant metabolism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>general plant strength<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adequate potassium contributes to healthy plant functioning and can be particularly important in crops where quality and flowering or fruiting are important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency symptoms can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>marginal leaf scorching<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>yellowing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weak growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Again, symptoms can have several possible causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Secondary Nutrients<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants also require:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Calcium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cell walls<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>root development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Magnesium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important because it is a central component of chlorophyll.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency can cause <strong>interveinal chlorosis<\/strong>, where the tissue between the veins becomes pale while the veins remain greener.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Sulphur<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>proteins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>enzymes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plant metabolism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Micronutrients<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants require relatively small amounts of micronutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>iron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manganese<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>zinc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>copper<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>boron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>molybdenum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deficiency symptoms can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>chlorosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>distorted growth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor flowering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dead growing points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor root development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, diagnosing micronutrient deficiency from appearance alone can be difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Feeding Is Not the Same as Watering<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fertiliser supplies nutrients. Water supplies water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A plant can be <strong>well watered but nutrient deficient<\/strong> or <strong>well fed but drought stressed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giving fertiliser to a severely drought-stressed plant is not a substitute for supplying appropriate water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Liquid Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liquid fertilisers are dissolved in water before application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They can be applied:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>around the root zone<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to growing media<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>as a foliar feed where the product is specifically designed for this purpose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liquid feeds are useful when nutrients need to be made available relatively quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Advantages of Liquid Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liquid feed can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>provide nutrients quickly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>be accurately diluted<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>be useful for container-grown plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>be incorporated into irrigation systems where appropriate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>provide regular low-dose feeding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is particularly useful where plants have limited access to nutrients, such as in containers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Disadvantages of Liquid Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liquid fertiliser can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>be over-applied<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cause root damage if too concentrated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>be washed away<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>require regular application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>create environmental problems if it reaches watercourses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The correct dilution is therefore essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More fertiliser does not mean faster or better growth.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Correct Application of Liquid Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read the label.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Measure the correct amount.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dilute according to instructions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apply evenly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid unnecessary contact with foliage unless the product is intended for foliar use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid contamination of watercourses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clean equipment appropriately.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not guess the concentration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Solid Fertilisers<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solid fertilisers are applied in a solid form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They may be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>granular<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pelleted<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>powdered<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>slow-release<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>controlled-release<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They can be applied to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>soil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>beds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>borders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lawns<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>containers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The release rate depends on the type of fertiliser and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Advantages of Solid Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solid fertilisers can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>provide nutrients over a longer period<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduce the frequency of application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>be useful for beds and borders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>provide a steady nutrient supply where appropriate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Controlled-release fertilisers can be particularly useful in containers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Disadvantages of Solid Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Problems can occur if fertiliser is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>over-applied<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>applied unevenly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>placed directly against stems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>applied to unsuitable soil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>applied during drought<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>allowed to contaminate water<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Excess fertiliser can cause <strong>salt injury<\/strong> and damage roots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Liquid vs Solid Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Liquid feed<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Solid feed<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mixed with water<\/td><td>Applied as a solid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nutrients can become available quickly<\/td><td>Release may be slower<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Useful for containers<\/td><td>Useful for beds and borders<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Requires accurate dilution<\/td><td>Requires accurate application rate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Can be applied regularly<\/td><td>May require fewer applications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Easy to over-concentrate<\/td><td>Easy to over-apply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Useful during active growth<\/td><td>Often useful as part of planned feeding<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neither is automatically better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The choice depends on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>plant<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>soil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>season<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient requirement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fertiliser formulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Organic Matter vs Fertiliser<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compost, well-rotted manure and other organic materials can improve soil condition and contribute nutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They can also improve:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>soil structure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>water-holding capacity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>biological activity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nutrient retention<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Organic matter is not simply another name for fertiliser.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its nutrient content can vary considerably.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Healthy soil management is generally about more than applying fertiliser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Feeding Plants in the Ground<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Established plants growing in good soil may require little additional fertiliser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before feeding, consider:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>soil fertility<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plant species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growth rate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>previous fertiliser applications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>soil pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>organic matter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>weather<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plant health<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mature shrub in fertile soil does not necessarily need feeding simply because the calendar says it is spring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Feeding Container Plants<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Container plants are different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The growing medium has a limited volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nutrients can be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>used by the plant<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leached away by watering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>depleted over time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consequently, container plants often benefit from a planned feeding programme during active growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is particularly important for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>bedding plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fruit in containers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vegetables<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flowering plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>long-term container specimens<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>When Should Plants Be Fed?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many plants are best fed during periods of <strong>active growth<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This generally means:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Spring<\/strong> <strong>\u2192<\/strong> <strong>summer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The exact timing depends on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>climate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>growing conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>soil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fertiliser type<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some plants have specific feeding requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always follow the requirements of the individual plant and fertiliser manufacturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Spring Feeding<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spring is often an important feeding period because many plants are beginning active growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Feeding may support:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>new shoots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>leaves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>roots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flowering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fruit development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, do not automatically fertilise every plant in spring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Assess the plant first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Summer Feeding<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plants can continue active growth during summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Container-grown plants may require regular feeding because nutrients can be depleted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, feeding during very hot or dry conditions should be approached carefully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deal with drought stress first.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Autumn Feeding<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autumn feeding depends on the plant and fertiliser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A balanced approach is important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid encouraging excessive soft growth late in the season where this could reduce winter hardiness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some plants benefit from autumn applications formulated for particular purposes, but this is not a reason to apply fertiliser indiscriminately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Winter Feeding<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most outdoor plants have reduced growth during winter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Routine feeding is generally unnecessary for dormant plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Applying fertiliser when the plant cannot make effective use of it can result in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nutrient loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>environmental pollution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unnecessary expenditure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>When NOT to Feed<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not automatically feed a plant when it is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Severely drought stressed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Water appropriately first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Waterlogged<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Investigate drainage and root health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Recently transplanted<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The priority may be root establishment and appropriate watering rather than immediate fertilisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Dormant<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many dormant plants have little need for additional nutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Diseased<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identify and manage the disease rather than assuming nutrients are the answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Suffering from root damage<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fertiliser will not repair damaged roots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Growing in very hot conditions<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid unnecessary stress and follow product instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a><\/a><strong>Feeding Newly Planted Plants<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Newly planted plants should normally be given the opportunity to establish their roots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good planting practice includes, suitable soil preparation; correct planting depth; adequate watering; appropriate mulching; protection from competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Feeding requirements depend on the plant and soil.&nbsp; <strong><em><u>More fertiliser does not necessarily mean faster establishment.<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_40_16-AM-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-105\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.6666666666666666;width:596px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_40_16-AM-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_40_16-AM-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_40_16-AM-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ChatGPT-Image-Sep-16-2026-06_40_16-AM.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>General Plant Health and Mineral Deficiencies Pesticides and Garden Health Pesticides can be useful tools. There. That\u2019s the statement of the 20th Century. However,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-75","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/75","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=75"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/75\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":304,"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/75\/revisions\/304"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gardendesignersguild.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=75"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}